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A CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) is explicitly designed to present a challenge that is easy for humans to solve but difficult for automated bots. While other methods like validation or using POST are good practices, they do not specifically target bot differentiation. Hiding fields (honeypot technique) can be effective but is not the most common first-line, user-facing defense.

CSS specificity determines which rule is applied when there is a conflict. A class selector (.specialText) has a higher specificity value (0,1,0) than an element selector (p, which is 0,0,1). Therefore, the more specific rule (color: red) wins, even if the `p { color: green; }` rule appears later in some scenarios (unless order and equal specificity come into play).

While Flexbox and Grid are layout modules used *within* a responsive design, CSS Media Queries are the core mechanism that allows you to apply different CSS rules (like changing a layout from Grid to block) based on conditions such as viewport width (`@media (max-width: 768px)`). They are the ‘if-then’ logic that triggers the layout changes for different devices.

The `array.push()` method adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length. `unshift()` adds to the beginning. `pop()` removes the last element. While `products[3] = ‘Monitor’;` would work in this specific case, it’s not dynamic (it assumes you know the exact index) and doesn’t correctly handle the array’s length property in all situations like `push()` does.

The HTTP GET method appends form data to the URL (in the address bar) as query parameters. The POST method, in contrast, sends the data in the body of the HTTP request, which is not visible in the address bar and is more suitable for submitting data that changes server state or contains sensitive information.

In PHP, `echo` is a language construct used to output one or more strings to the web page or output buffer. Double quotes allow for variable interpolation, so `$userName` will be replaced with its value. `print_r()` is for printing human-readable information about variables, primarily for debugging. `console.log()` is a JavaScript function. `write` is not a standard PHP output construct.

Relative units like ’em’ and ‘rem’ scale based on a parent element’s font size or the root font size, respectively. This allows text to scale proportionally if a user zooms the page or if you set a different base font size for different viewports via media queries, creating a more flexible and accessible reading experience compared to fixed ‘px’ units.

Without the `async` or `defer` attributes, a classic

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