The DATA statement with the VALUE addition is a declaration that is processed once when the program loads into memory. However, within a procedural context like a loop, the variable is not reinitialized on each pass based on the VALUE. The variable `lv_counter` is set to 1 once. If it is never modified in the loop, it remains 1. This demonstrates the concept of variable scope and lifetime; a local variable declared in a routine retains its value for the duration of that routine’s execution.

Option A is correct. It uses the modern inline declaration (`@DATA(lt_orders)`) and host variables prefixed with `@` for all operands (`@sy-datum`), which is the mandatory syntax for ABAP SQL in release 7.40+ SP08 and later. The calculation `sy-datum – 7` is performed before the statement is passed to the database. Option B uses the old-style implicit host variable (`sy-datum` without @). Option C uses an obsolete work area (`INTO TABLE lt_orders`) without the @ sign. Option D uses FOR ALL ENTRIES unnecessarily when a simple range condition suffices.

The FOR ALL ENTRIES IN clause is explicitly designed to solve the “SELECT inside a LOOP” anti-pattern. It takes the contents of an internal table (the driver table) and creates a dynamic WHERE condition to fetch all relevant database entries in a single roundtrip. While it has its own rules (e.g., checking if the internal table is not initial), it is the standard, efficient replacement for repeated SELECTs in a loop.

For a classic function module, the standard pattern is: EXPORTING for input values, IMPORTING for output results (like the calculated discount and a status message for the user), and EXCEPTIONS to raise application or technical errors that the caller can handle with SY-SUBRC. This provides a clear separation of concerns. Option C describes a method (not a function module) pattern. Option D uses obsolete TABLES parameters. Option A misuses CHANGING for a pure output.

`DELETE ADJACENT DUPLICATES` compares the content of consecutive rows (after a sort) and deletes duplicates based on the default key or a specified comparison key. It’s about data content. `DELETE…FROM…TO` is a purely positional operation; it deletes a contiguous block of rows based on their index numbers, regardless of what data they contain. Their purposes are fundamentally different.

The core principle of unit testing is to test a specific piece of code (the “unit”) in isolation. Test doubles (mocks, stubs, etc.) are used to replace real dependencies (like database accesses, function modules, or other classes) that the unit interacts with. This allows the tester to control the behavior of these dependencies and focus solely on the logic of the unit itself, making tests faster, more reliable, and independent of external systems.

When you use `ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL()`, the field symbol `` points directly to the memory address of the current row in `lt_items`. The `APPEND TO lt_output` statement appends this reference (not a copy) to `lt_output`. Therefore, `lt_output` now contains references to the rows in `lt_items`. Any change made to a row through `` inside the loop, or later through a field symbol assigned to an entry in `lt_output`, will change the original data in `lt_items`.

Option A uses the modern, concise functional call syntax, which is the current best practice for calling methods that have a returning parameter or when the result is used in an expression. The `CALL METHOD` statement (Options B and C) is obsolete and should only be used in very rare cases for dynamic calls where the method name is in a variable. Option D mixes the old-style parameter assignment with the new-style call, which is incorrect.

In modern ABAP SQL (from 7.40 SP05 onwards), a `RANGES` table or any internal table used with the `IN` operator must be prefixed with the `@` sign to indicate it is a host variable. The syntax `… WHERE matnr IN @r_matnr` is correct. Option A is the old, now invalid syntax. Option B is unnecessary. Option C is incorrect; SELECT-OPTIONS are for screen elements, and the underlying data object is also a RANGES table.

The DATA statement with the VALUE addition is a declaration that is processed once when the program loads into memory. However, within a procedural context like a loop, the variable is not reinitialized on each pass based on the VALUE. The variable `lv_counter` is set to 1 once. If it is never modified in the loop, it remains 1. This demonstrates the concept of variable scope and lifetime; a local variable declared in a routine retains its value for the duration of that routine’s execution.0